<text><span class="style10">lectricity in Action (3 of 6)</span><span class="style7"></span><span class="style10">Circuitry</span><span class="style7">A circuit is a complete conductive path between positive and negative terminals; conventionally current flows from positive to negative, although the direction of electron flow is actually from negative to positive. When electrical components such as bulbs and switches are joined end to end the arrangement is a </span><span class="style26">series</span><span class="style7"> connection. When they are connected side by side, this is called </span><span class="style26">parallel</span><span class="style7"> connection (see diagram 3).</span><span class="style10">Resistance</span><span class="style7">When an electric current passes through a conductor there is a force that acts to reduce or </span><span class="style26">resist</span><span class="style7"> the flow. This is called the </span><span class="style26">resistance</span><span class="style7"> and is dependent upon the nature of the conductor and its dimensions. The unit of resistance is the </span><span class="style26">ohm</span><span class="style7"> (), named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854). He discovered a relationship between the current (I ), voltage (V ) and resistance (R) in a conductor: V = IR.This is known as Ohm's law.</span><span class="style10">Power</span><span class="style7">Power is the rate at which a body or system does work (work and its unit, the joule, are defined on p. 24). The power in an electric conductor is measured in </span><span class="style26">watts</span><span class="style7"> (W), named after the British engineer James Watt (1736-1819). One watt is one joule per second, or the energy used per second by a current of one amp flowing between two points with a potential difference of one volt (volts and amps are defined on p. 34). In an electric conductor the power (</span><span class="style26">W</span><span class="style7"> ) is the product of the current (</span><span class="style26">I</span><span class="style7"> ) and the voltage (</span><span class="style26">V</span><span class="style7"> ).</span><span class="style10">Lighting, heating and fuses</span><span class="style7">A light bulb consists of a glass envelope containing an inert (`noble') gas, usually argon, at low pressure. The bulb has two electrodes connected internally by a </span><span class="style26">filament</span><span class="style7"> - a fine coiled tungsten wire of high resistance. The passage of a suit able electric current through the filament will raise its temperature sufficiently to make it glow white hot (2500 deg C / 4500 deg F). The inert gas prevents the filament from evaporating. The efficiency of filament lamps is low. </span><span class="style26">Gas discharge lamps</span><span class="style7"> are much more efficient. They consist of a glass tube with electrodes sealed into each end. The tube is filled with a gas such as neon, sodium or mercury vapor, which can be </span><span class="style26">excited</span><span class="style7"> (see discontinuity, pp. 26-7) to emit light by the application of a high voltage to the electrodes.When electrons pass through a wire they cause the atoms in it to vibrate and generate heat - the greater the resistance, the greater the heat generated. This effect is used in electric heating devices. An electric radiant heater glows red hot. The temperature reached by using a special tough resistance wire is 900 deg C (1650 deg F). The connecting wires are of low resistance and stay cool.If a small resistance consisting of wire with a low melting point is connected in a circuit the amount of current that can flow will be limited by that resistance. If too much current flows the resistance will overheat and melt, breaking the circuit. This resistance is called a </span><span class="style26">fuse</span><span class="style7"> and can be used as a device to protect circuits from current overload.</span></text>
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